摘要：的包管理工具現(xiàn)在的火熱程度一點(diǎn)都沒有下降，而成為了前端必備工具，特別是的包庫(kù)已經(jīng)成為了前端必備的，即使你不接觸作為后端的存在，現(xiàn)在各種第三方包依然需要使用來管理，可以說一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的前段工程如果不使用類似這樣的包管理工具的話，應(yīng)該不算一個(gè)大型

node現(xiàn)在的火熱程度一點(diǎn)都沒有下降，而成為了前端必備工具，特別是npm的包庫(kù)已經(jīng)成為了前端必備的，即使你不接觸node作為后端的存在，現(xiàn)在各種第三方包依然需要使用npm來管理，可以說一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的前段工程如果不使用類似npm這樣的包管理工具的話，應(yīng)該不算一個(gè)大型工程。

官方網(wǎng)站：https://docs.npmjs.com/ ，npm的安裝什么的就不說了，node的大部分版本也都自帶了npm，npm管理者node的大部分包，開發(fā)者可以上傳自己寫的包供他人使用，也可以下載使用別人寫好的包進(jìn)行使用，
使用npm init 來進(jìn)行初始化一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，會(huì)生成一個(gè)package.json文件，而版本管理就依賴這個(gè)文件，官方給的樣例文件：

{
"version": "5.3.0",
"name": "npm",
"description": "a package manager for JavaScript",
"keywords": [
"install",
"modules",
"package manager",
"package.json"
],
"preferGlobal": true,
"config": {
"publishtest": false
},
"homepage": "https://docs.npmjs.com/",
"author": {
"name": "Isaac Z. Schlueter",
"email": "[email protected]",
"url": "http://blog.izs.me"
},
"repository": {
"type": "git",
"url": "git+https://github.com/npm/npm.git"
},
"bugs": {
"url": "https://github.com/npm/npm/issues"
},
"directories": {
"bin": "./bin",
"doc": "./doc",
"lib": "./lib",
"man": "./man"
},
"main": "./lib/npm.js",
"bin": {
"npm": "./bin/npm-cli.js",
"npx": "./bin/npx-cli.js"
},
"dependencies": {
"JSONStream": "~1.3.1",
"abbrev": "~1.1.0",
"ansi-regex": "~3.0.0",
"ansicolors": "~0.3.2",
"ansistyles": "~0.1.3",
"aproba": "~1.1.2",
"archy": "~1.0.0",
"bluebird": "~3.5.0",
"cacache": "~9.2.9",
"call-limit": "~1.1.0",
"chownr": "~1.0.1",
"cmd-shim": "~2.0.2",
"columnify": "~1.5.4",
"config-chain": "~1.1.11",
"detect-indent": "~5.0.0",
"dezalgo": "~1.0.3",
"editor": "~1.0.0",
"fs-vacuum": "~1.2.10",
"fs-write-stream-atomic": "~1.0.10",
"fstream": "~1.0.11",
"fstream-npm": "~1.2.1",
"glob": "~7.1.2",
"graceful-fs": "~4.1.11",
"has-unicode": "~2.0.1",
"hosted-git-info": "~2.5.0",
"iferr": "~0.1.5",
"inflight": "~1.0.6",
"inherits": "~2.0.3",
"ini": "~1.3.4",
"init-package-json": "~1.10.1",
"lazy-property": "~1.0.0",
"libnpx": "~9.2.0",
"lockfile": "~1.0.3",
"lodash._baseuniq": "~4.6.0",
"lodash.clonedeep": "~4.5.0",
"lodash.union": "~4.6.0",
"lodash.uniq": "~4.5.0",
"lodash.without": "~4.4.0",
"lru-cache": "~4.1.1",
"mississippi": "~1.3.0",
"mkdirp": "~0.5.1",
"move-concurrently": "~1.0.1",
"node-gyp": "~3.6.2",
"nopt": "~4.0.1",
"normalize-package-data": "~2.4.0",
"npm-cache-filename": "~1.0.2",
"npm-install-checks": "~3.0.0",
"npm-package-arg": "~5.1.2",
"npm-registry-client": "~8.4.0",
"npm-user-validate": "~1.0.0",
"npmlog": "~4.1.2",
"once": "~1.4.0",
"opener": "~1.4.3",
"osenv": "~0.1.4",
"pacote": "~2.7.38",
"path-is-inside": "~1.0.2",
"promise-inflight": "~1.0.1",
"read": "~1.0.7",
"read-cmd-shim": "~1.0.1",
"read-installed": "~4.0.3",
"read-package-json": "~2.0.10",
"read-package-tree": "~5.1.6",
"readable-stream": "~2.3.3",
"request": "~2.81.0",
"retry": "~0.10.1",
"rimraf": "~2.6.1",
"safe-buffer": "~5.1.1",
"semver": "~5.3.0",
"sha": "~2.0.1",
"slide": "~1.1.6",
"sorted-object": "~2.0.1",
"sorted-union-stream": "~2.1.3",
"ssri": "~4.1.6",
"strip-ansi": "~4.0.0",
"tar": "~2.2.1",
"text-table": "~0.2.0",
"uid-number": "0.0.6",
"umask": "~1.1.0",
"unique-filename": "~1.1.0",
"unpipe": "~1.0.0",
"update-notifier": "~2.2.0",
"uuid": "~3.1.0",
"validate-npm-package-name": "~3.0.0",
"which": "~1.2.14",
"worker-farm": "~1.4.1",
"wrappy": "~1.0.2",
"write-file-atomic": "~2.1.0",
"debuglog": "*",
"imurmurhash": "*",
"lodash._baseindexof": "*",
"lodash._bindcallback": "*",
"lodash._cacheindexof": "*",
"lodash._createcache": "*",
"lodash._getnative": "*",
"lodash.restparam": "*",
"readdir-scoped-modules": "*",
"validate-npm-package-license": "*"
},
"bundleDependencies": [
"abbrev",
"ansi-regex",
"ansicolors",
"ansistyles",
"aproba",
"archy",
"cacache",
"call-limit",
"bluebird",
"chownr",
"cmd-shim",
"columnify",
"config-chain",
"debuglog",
"detect-indent",
"dezalgo",
"editor",
"fs-vacuum",
"fs-write-stream-atomic",
"fstream",
"fstream-npm",
"glob",
"graceful-fs",
"has-unicode",
"hosted-git-info",
"iferr",
"imurmurhash",
"inflight",
"inherits",
"ini",
"init-package-json",
"JSONStream",
"lazy-property",
"lockfile",
"lodash._baseindexof",
"lodash._baseuniq",
"lodash._bindcallback",
"lodash._cacheindexof",
"lodash._createcache",
"lodash._getnative",
"lodash.clonedeep",
"lodash.restparam",
"lodash.union",
"lodash.uniq",
"lodash.without",
"lru-cache",
"mkdirp",
"mississippi",
"move-concurrently",
"node-gyp",
"nopt",
"normalize-package-data",
"npm-cache-filename",
"npm-install-checks",
"npm-package-arg",
"npm-registry-client",
"npm-user-validate",
"npmlog",
"once",
"opener",
"osenv",
"pacote",
"path-is-inside",
"promise-inflight",
"read",
"read-cmd-shim",
"read-installed",
"read-package-json",
"read-package-tree",
"readable-stream",
"readdir-scoped-modules",
"request",
"retry",
"rimraf",
"semver",
"sha",
"slide",
"sorted-object",
"sorted-union-stream",
"ssri",
"strip-ansi",
"tar",
"text-table",
"uid-number",
"umask",
"unique-filename",
"unpipe",
"update-notifier",
"uuid",
"validate-npm-package-license",
"validate-npm-package-name",
"which",
"wrappy",
"write-file-atomic",
"safe-buffer",
"worker-farm",
"libnpx"
],
"devDependencies": {
"deep-equal": "~1.0.1",
"marked": "~0.3.6",
"marked-man": "~0.2.1",
"npm-registry-couchapp": "~2.6.13",
"npm-registry-mock": "~1.1.0",
"require-inject": "~1.4.2",
"sprintf-js": "~1.1.1",
"standard": "~6.0.8",
"tacks": "~1.2.6",
"tap": "~10.7.0"
},
"scripts": {
"dumpconf": "env | grep npm | sort | uniq",
"prepare": "node bin/npm-cli.js --no-timing prune --prefix=. --no-global && rimraf test/*/*/node_modules && make -j4 doc",
"preversion": "bash scripts/update-authors.sh && git add AUTHORS && git commit -m "update AUTHORS" || true",
"tap": "tap --timeout 300",
"tap-cover": "tap --nyc-arg="--cache" --coverage --timeout 600",
"test": "standard && npm run test-tap",
"test-coverage": "npm run tap-cover -- "test/tap/*.js" "test/network/*.js" "test/broken-under-*/*.js"",
"test-tap": "npm run tap -- "test/tap/*.js" "test/network/*.js" "test/broken-under-*/*.js"",
"test-node": "tap --timeout 240 "test/tap/*.js" "test/network/*.js" "test/broken-under-nyc*/*.js""
},
"license": "Artistic-2.0",
"contributors": [
{
"name": "Isaac Z. Schlueter",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Steve Steiner",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Mikeal Rogers",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Aaron Blohowiak",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Martyn Smith",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Charlie Robbins",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Francisco Treacy",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Cliffano Subagio",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Christian Eager",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Dav Glass",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Alex K. Wolfe",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "James Sanders",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Reid Burke",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Arlo Breault",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Timo Derstappen",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Bart Teeuwisse",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Ben Noordhuis",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Tor Valamo",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Whyme.Lyu",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Olivier Melcher",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Toma啪 Muraus",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Evan Meagher",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Orlando Vazquez",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Kai Chen",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "George Miroshnykov",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Geoff Flarity",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Max Goodman",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Pete Kruckenberg",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Laurie Harper",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Chris Wong",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Scott Bronson",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Federico Romero",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Visnu Pitiyanuvath",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Irakli Gozalishvili",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Mark Cahill",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Tony",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Iain Sproat",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Trent Mick",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Felix Geisendo虉rfer",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jameson Little",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Conny Brunnkvist",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Will Elwood",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Dean Landolt",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Oleg Efimov",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Martin Cooper",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jann Horn",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Andrew Bradley",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Maciej Ma艂ecki",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Stephen Sugden",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Michael Budde",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jason Smith",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Gautham Pai",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "David Trejo",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Paul Vorbach",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "George Ornbo",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Tim Oxley",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Tyler Green",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Dave Pacheco",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Danila Gerasimov",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Rod Vagg",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Christian Howe",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Andrew Lunny",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Henrik Hodne",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Adam Blackburn",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Kris Windham",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jens Grunert",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Joost-Wim Boekesteijn",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Dalmais Maxence",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Marcus Ekwall",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Aaron Stacy",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Phillip Howell",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Domenic Denicola",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "James Halliday",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jeremy Cantrell",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Ribettes",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Don Park",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Einar Otto Stangvik",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Kei Son",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Nicolas Morel",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Mark Dube",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Nathan Rajlich",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Maxim Bogushevich",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Meaglin",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Ben Evans",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Nathan Zadoks",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Brian White",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jed Schmidt",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Ian Livingstone",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Patrick Pfeiffer",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Paul Miller",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Ryan Emery",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Carl Lange",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jan Lehnardt",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Stuart P. Bentley",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Johan Sk枚ld",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Stuart Knightley",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Niggler",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Paolo Fragomeni",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jaakko Manninen",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Luke Arduini",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Larz Conwell",
"email": "larz@larz-laptop.(none)",
"url": "none"
},
{
"name": "Marcel Klehr",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Robert Kowalski",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Forbes Lindesay",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Vaz Allen",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jake Verbaten",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Schabse Laks",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Florian Margaine",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Johan Nordberg",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Ian Babrou",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Di Wu",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Mathias Bynens",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Matt McClure",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Matt Lunn",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Alexey Kreschuk",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "elisee",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Robert Gieseke",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Franc抬ois Frisch",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Trevor Burnham",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Alan Shaw",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "TJ Holowaychuk",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Nicholas Kinsey",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Paulo Cesar",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Elan Shanker",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jon Spencer",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jason Diamond",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Maximilian Antoni",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Thom Blake",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jess Martin",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Spain Train",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Alex Rodionov",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Matt Colyer",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Evan You",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "bitspill",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Gabriel Falkenberg",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Alexej Yaroshevich",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Quim Calpe",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Steve Mason",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Wil Moore III",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Sergey Belov",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Tom Huang",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "CamilleM",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "S茅bastien Santoro",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Evan Lucas",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Quinn Slack",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Alex Kocharin",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Daniel Santiago",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Denis Gladkikh",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Andrew Horton",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Zeke Sikelianos",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Dylan Greene",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Franck Cuny",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Yeonghoon Park",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Rafael de Oleza",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Mikola Lysenko",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Yazhong Liu",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Neil Gentleman",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Kris Kowal",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Alex Gorbatchev",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Shawn Wildermuth",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Wesley de Souza",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "yoyoyogi",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "J. Tangelder",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jean Lauliac",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Andrey Kislyuk",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Thorsten Lorenz",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Julian Gruber",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Benjamin Coe",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Alex Ford",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Matt Hickford",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Sean McGivern",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "C J Silverio",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Robin Tweedie",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"name": "Aki",
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{
"name": "Emily Marigold Klassen",
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{
"name": "Ramana Venkata",
"email": "[email protected]"
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{
"name": "kierendixon",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "R謾cz Tibor Zolt謾n",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Guangcong Luo",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Steven",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Jan Pilzer",
"email": "[email protected]"
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{
"name": "Leonard Martin",
"email": "[email protected]"
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{
"name": "Teddy Katz",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Simon Legg",
"email": "[email protected]"
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{
"name": "Kin Lum",
"email": "[email protected]"
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{
"name": "dax",
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{
"name": "Jo啪e Mlakar",
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{
"name": "happylynx",
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},
{
"name": "Dominic Watson",
"email": "[email protected]"
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{
"name": "Enrico Weigelt, metux IT consult",
"email": "[email protected]"
},
{
"name": "Brian Beck",
"email": "[email protected]"
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{
"name": "Ramana Venkata",
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{
"name": "mmkal",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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這個(gè)會(huì)比較大，看一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的縮影：

  {
      "name": "algorithms-combined-js",
      "version": "1.0.1",
      "description": "algorithms for combined",
      "main": "libs/index.js",
      "scripts": {
        "build":"babel src -d libs",
        "prepublish":"npm run build",
        "test": "echo "Error: no test specified" && exit 1"
      },
      "repository": {
        "type": "git",
        "url": "git+https://github.com/rawbin-/algorithms-combined-js.git"
      },
      "keywords": [
        "algorithms",
        "javascript",
        "combination",
        "arrangement"
      ],
      "author": "rawbin-",
      "license": "ISC",
      "bugs": {
        "url": "https://github.com/rawbin-/algorithms-combined-js/issues"
      },
      "homepage": "https://github.com/rawbin-/algorithms-combined-js#readme",
      "devDependencies": {
        "babel-cli": "^6.18.0",
        "babel-preset-es2015": "^6.18.0",
        "babel-preset-stage-0": "^6.16.0"
      },
      "dependencies": {
        "underscore": "^1.8.3"
      }
    }

作為包管理工具，最為重要的就是版本管理，版本管理主要在package.json里面體現(xiàn)在一下幾種書寫方式：

使用> >= < <= = 和 ||來組合具體范圍 1.2.7 || >=1.2.9 <2.0.0

使用-來指定范圍 1.2.3 - 2.3.4 等于 >=1.2.3 <=2.3.4

使用x X * 或者 留空 來指定版本通配 1.x 等于 >=1.0.0 <2.0.0

使用~來指定最鄰近右邊的大版本范圍，放開小版本的變更
~1.2.3 := >=1.2.3 <1.(2+1).0 := >=1.2.3 <1.3.0
~1.2 := >=1.2.0 <1.(2+1).0 := >=1.2.0 <1.3.0 (Same as 1.2.x)
~1 := >=1.0.0 <(1+1).0.0 := >=1.0.0 <2.0.0 (Same as 1.x)
~0.2.3 := >=0.2.3 <0.(2+1).0 := >=0.2.3 <0.3.0
~0.2 := >=0.2.0 <0.(2+1).0 := >=0.2.0 <0.3.0 (Same as 0.2.x)
~0 := >=0.0.0 <(0+1).0.0 := >=0.0.0 <1.0.0 (Same as 0.x)

使用^來限定最左邊的大版本
^1.2.3 := >=1.2.3 <2.0.0
^0.2.3 := >=0.2.3 <0.3.0
^0.0.3 := >=0.0.3 <0.0.4

scripts 配置使用npm能運(yùn)行的腳本的命令，npm 允許在package.json文件里面，使用scripts字段定義腳本命令。這個(gè)字段的內(nèi)容比較豐富，也經(jīng)常用到：

prepublish publish postpublish

preinstall install postinstall

preuninstall uninstall postuninstall

preversion version postversion

pretest test posttest

prestop stop poststop

prestart start poststart

prerestart restart postrestart

任意命令的運(yùn)行方式為npm run scriptname,特殊的start stop restart test 可以直接用npm scriptname來運(yùn)行，

script部分可以參考看：http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blo...

npm i xxx -g === npm install xxx --global

npm i xxx -S === npm install xxx --save

npm i xxx -D === npm install xxx --save-dev

npm un xxx === npm uninstall xxx

npm ls /查看安裝的包

npm clean --force //強(qiáng)制清理安裝的包

npm publish xxx

npm unpublish xxx

有的時(shí)候可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)安裝一些包的時(shí)候特別慢，所以需要設(shè)置一下國(guó)內(nèi)的源，最為通用的就是taobao的源，也可是使用其配置的npm別名cnpm，只不過是npm直接把源設(shè)置為國(guó)內(nèi)的淘寶源，使用方法：

//設(shè)置別名，注意區(qū)分自己的終端是bash還是zsh
alias cnpm="npm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org 
--cache=$HOME/.npm/.cache/cnpm 
--disturl=https://npm.taobao.org/dist 
--userconfig=$HOME/.cnpmrc"

# Or alias it in .bashrc or .zshrc
$ echo "
#alias for cnpm
alias cnpm="npm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org 
  --cache=$HOME/.npm/.cache/cnpm 
  --disturl=https://npm.taobao.org/dist 
  --userconfig=$HOME/.cnpmrc"" >> ~/.zshrc && source ~/.zshrc

臨時(shí)性的：

npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org

npm config set registry http://registry.cnpmjs.org
//配置指向源 npm config set registry https://registry.npm.taobao.org

永久性：

registry =https://registry.npm.taobao.org //寫入配置文件~/.npmrc