Phalcon查詢語(yǔ)言

Moxmi 發(fā)布于2019-06-28 18:40 / 1461人閱讀

摘要：查詢語(yǔ)言查詢語(yǔ)言，簡(jiǎn)稱或，是一種面向?qū)ο蟮母呒?jí)語(yǔ)言，允許用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的編寫。該對(duì)象的每個(gè)成員都是一個(gè)包含所查詢字段的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)象。

Phalcon查詢語(yǔ)言(Phalcon Query Language)

Phalcon查詢語(yǔ)言，簡(jiǎn)稱PhalconQL或PHQL，是一種面向?qū)ο蟮母呒?jí)SQL語(yǔ)言，允許用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的SQL編寫。PHQL實(shí)現(xiàn)了把操作語(yǔ)句解析為RDBMS目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言的解析器(C語(yǔ)言編寫)。

為了達(dá)到最佳性能，Phalcon提供了與SQLite相同的解析器，其線程安全，內(nèi)存占用極低。

解析器先檢查傳遞的PHQL語(yǔ)句的語(yǔ)法，然后構(gòu)建中間語(yǔ)句，最后將其轉(zhuǎn)換為RDBMS對(duì)應(yīng)的SQL語(yǔ)句。

PHQL實(shí)現(xiàn)了一系列功能，可以更安全的操作數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

參數(shù)綁定是PHQL功能之一，使代碼更安全

PHQL每次只允許執(zhí)行一條SQL語(yǔ)句，以防SQL注入

PHQL會(huì)忽略所有SQL注入中常用的SQL注釋

PHQL只允許數(shù)據(jù)操作語(yǔ)句，避免錯(cuò)誤的或未經(jīng)授權(quán)的更改、刪除數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和表

PHQL實(shí)現(xiàn)了高級(jí)抽象接口，允許以模型方式操作表，以類屬性方式操作表字段

使用示例(Usage Example)

為了更好的解釋PHQL工作原理，請(qǐng)參考下例。有Cars和Brands兩個(gè)模型：

belongsTo("brand_id", "Brands", "id");
    }
}

每輛車都屬于一個(gè)品牌，每個(gè)品牌有多輛車：

hasMany("id", "Cars", "brand_id");
    }
}

創(chuàng)建PHQL查詢(Creating PHQL Queries)

實(shí)例化PhalconMvcModelQuery類即可創(chuàng)建PHQL查詢：

getDI()
);

// 執(zhí)行查詢，返回結(jié)果(如果有的話)
$cars = $query->execute();

控制器或視圖中，使用PhalconMvcModelManager可以很容易的創(chuàng)建、執(zhí)行PHQL查詢：

modelsManager->createQuery("SELECT * FROM Cars");
$cars  = $query->execute();

// 使用參數(shù)綁定
$query = $this->modelsManager->createQuery("SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE name = :name:");
$cars  = $query->execute(
    [
        "name" => "Audi",
    ]
);

或者直接執(zhí)行查詢：

modelsManager->executeQuery(
    "SELECT * FROM Cars"
);

// 使用參數(shù)綁定
$cars = $this->modelsManager->executeQuery(
    "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE name = :name:",
    [
        "name" => "Audi",
    ]
);

查詢記錄(Selecting Records)

PHQL允許使用我們熟知的SELECT語(yǔ)句查詢記錄，使用模型名字代替表名：

createQuery(
    "SELECT * FROM Cars ORDER BY Cars.name"
);

$query = $manager->createQuery(
    "SELECT Cars.name FROM Cars ORDER BY Cars.name"
);

允許帶命名空間的模型名：

createQuery($phql);

$phql  = "SELECT FormulaCars.name FROM FormulaCars ORDER BY FormulaCars.name";
$query = $manager->createQuery($phql);

$phql  = "SELECT c.name FROM FormulaCars c ORDER BY c.name";
$query = $manager->createQuery($phql);

PHQL支持大部分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)SQL語(yǔ)法，非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的SQL語(yǔ)法也同樣支持，如LIMIT：

createQuery($phql);

結(jié)果集類型(Result Types)

結(jié)果集類型根據(jù)我們查詢字段的不同而不同，如果檢索單個(gè)完整對(duì)象，則返回PhalconMvcModelResultsetSimple對(duì)象。這種結(jié)果集是一組完整的模型對(duì)象：

executeQuery($phql);

foreach ($cars as $car) {
    echo "Name: ", $car->name, "
";
}

下面這種方式也一樣：

 "name",
    ]
);

foreach ($cars as $car) {
    echo "Name: ", $car->name, "
";
}

完整模型對(duì)象中的數(shù)據(jù)能夠被修改，并重新保存到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中，因?yàn)樗鼈兇黻P(guān)聯(lián)表的完整記錄。下面這種查詢方式不會(huì)返回完整模型對(duì)象：

executeQuery($phql);

foreach ($cars as $car) {
    echo "Name: ", $car->name, "
";
}

我們僅僅查詢了表中的某些字段，雖然返回的結(jié)果集仍然是PhalconMvcModelResultsetSimple對(duì)象，但不能當(dāng)成完整模型對(duì)象。該對(duì)象的每個(gè)成員都是一個(gè)包含所查詢字段的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)象。

這些不表示完整對(duì)象的值就是我們所說(shuō)的標(biāo)量，PHQL允許查詢所有類型的標(biāo)量：字段，函數(shù)，字面兩，表達(dá)式等：

execute($phql);

foreach ($cars as $car) {
    echo $car->id_name, "
";
}

我們可以查詢完整對(duì)象或標(biāo)量，也可以同時(shí)查詢它們：

executeQuery($phql);

這種情況下的結(jié)果集是一個(gè)PhalconMvcModelResultsetComplex對(duì)象，可以同時(shí)訪問(wèn)完整對(duì)象和標(biāo)量：

cars->name, "
";
    echo "Price: ", $row->cars->price, "
";
    echo "Taxes: ", $row->taxes, "
";
}

連接(Joins)

使用PHQL可以很容易的從多個(gè)模型請(qǐng)求記錄，支持大部分的JOIN方式。我們?cè)谀Ｐ椭卸x關(guān)系之后，PHQL會(huì)自動(dòng)添加這些條件：

executeQuery($phql);

foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row->car_name, "
";
    echo $row->brand_name, "
";
}

默認(rèn)使用INNER JOIN，可以指定JOIN類型：

executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT Cars.*, Brands.* FROM Cars LEFT JOIN Brands";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT Cars.*, Brands.* FROM Cars LEFT OUTER JOIN Brands";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT Cars.*, Brands.* FROM Cars CROSS JOIN Brands";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

也可以手動(dòng)設(shè)置JOIN條件：

executeQuery($phql);

如果查詢中為模型定義別名，則將使用別名為結(jié)果集中的每一條記錄命名：

executeQuery($phql);

foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo "Car: ", $row->c->name, "
";
    echo "Brand: ", $row->b->name, "
";
}

如果連接模型與from之后的模型具有多對(duì)多關(guān)系時(shí)，中間模型將隱式的添加到查詢中：

modelsManager->executeQuery($phql);

上述代碼在MySQL中執(zhí)行下列SQL：

SELECT `artists`.`name`, `songs`.`name` FROM `artists`
INNER JOIN `albums` ON `albums`.`artists_id` = `artists`.`id`
INNER JOIN "songs" ON `albums`.`songs_id` = `songs`.`id`
WHERE `artists`.`genre` = "Trip-Hop"

聚合(Aggregations)

下面例子展示了PHQL中如何使用聚合：

executeQuery($phql)->getFirst();
echo $row["summatory"];

// 每個(gè)品牌下的汽車總數(shù)
$phql = "SELECT Cars.brand_id, COUNT(*) FROM Cars GROUP BY Cars.brand_id";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);
foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row->brand_id, " ", $row["1"], "
";
}

// 每個(gè)品牌下的汽車總數(shù)
$phql = "SELECT Brands.name, COUNT(*) FROM Cars JOIN Brands GROUP BY 1";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);
foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row->name, " ", $row["1"], "
";
}

$phql = "SELECT MAX(price) AS maximum, MIN(price) AS minimum FROM Cars";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);
foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row["maximum"], " ", $row["minimum"], "
";
}

// 統(tǒng)計(jì)品牌數(shù)量
$phql = "SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT brand_id) AS brandId FROM Cars";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);
foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row->brandId, "
";
}

條件(Conditions)

條件能讓我們過(guò)濾想要查詢的記錄，WHERE子句允許這樣:

executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.price > 10000";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE TRIM(Cars.name) = "Audi R8"";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.name LIKE "Ferrari%"";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.name NOT LIKE "Ferrari%"";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.price IS NULL";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.id IN (120, 121, 122)";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.id NOT IN(430, 431)";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.id BETWEEN 1 AND 100";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

此外，作為PHQL的一部分，參數(shù)綁定會(huì)自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)義輸入數(shù)據(jù)，安全性更高：

executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        "name" => "Lamborghini Espada",
    ]
);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.name = ?0";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        0 => "Lamborghini Espada",
    ]
);

插入數(shù)據(jù)(Inserting Data)

通過(guò)PHQL，可以使用我們非常熟悉的INSERT語(yǔ)句插入數(shù)據(jù)：

executeQuery($phql);

// 插入數(shù)據(jù)，指定字段
$phql = "INSERT INTO Cars (name, brand_id, year, style) VALUES ("Lamborghini Espada", 7, 1969, "Grand Tourer")";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 插入數(shù)據(jù)，使用占位符
$phql = "INSERT INTO Cars (name, brand_id, year, style) VALUES (:name:, :brand_id:, :year:, :style:)";
$manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        "name"     => "Lamborghini Espada",
        "brand_id" => 7,
        "year"     => 1969,
        "style"    => "Grand Tourer",
    ]
);

Phalcon不只是單純的將PHQL語(yǔ)句轉(zhuǎn)化成SQL，模型中定義的所有事件和業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則都會(huì)執(zhí)行，就像我們手動(dòng)創(chuàng)建對(duì)象那樣。我們?yōu)槟Ｐ虲ars創(chuàng)建一條規(guī)則，車的價(jià)格不能低于$ 10,000：

price < 10000) {
            $this->appendMessage(
                new Message("A car cannot cost less than $ 10,000")
            );

            return false;
        }
    }
}

如果我們?cè)谀Ｐ虲ars中執(zhí)行下面的INSERT語(yǔ)句，操作將會(huì)失敗，因?yàn)閜rice不滿足我們制定的規(guī)則。通過(guò)檢查插入狀態(tài)，我們可以打印任何內(nèi)部生成的驗(yàn)證消息：

executeQuery($phql);

if ($result->success() === false) {
    foreach ($result->getMessages() as $message) {
        echo $message->getMessage();
    }
}

更新數(shù)據(jù)(Updating Data)

更新記錄與插入記錄非常相似，更新記錄使用UPDATE命令。更新記錄時(shí)，將為每條記錄執(zhí)行與更新操作相關(guān)的事件。

executeQuery($phql);

// 更新多個(gè)字段
$phql = "UPDATE Cars SET price = 15000.00, type = "Sedan" WHERE id = 101";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 更新多條記錄
$phql = "UPDATE Cars SET price = 7000.00, type = "Sedan" WHERE brands_id > 5";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 使用占位符
$phql = "UPDATE Cars SET price = ?0, type = ?1 WHERE brands_id > ?2";
$manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        0 => 7000.00,
        1 => "Sedan",
        2 => 5,
    ]
);

UPDATE語(yǔ)句執(zhí)行更新分兩步進(jìn)行：

首先，如果UPDATE包含WHERE子句，將檢索符合條件的所有對(duì)象

其次，基于查詢對(duì)象更新字段并保存

這種操作方式允許事件、虛擬外鍵和驗(yàn)證參與更新過(guò)程。

 101";

$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

if ($result->success() === false) {
    $messages = $result->getMessages();

    foreach ($messages as $message) {
        echo $message->getMessage();
    }
}

上面代碼相當(dāng)于：

 101");

    foreach ($cars as $car) {
        $car->price = 15000;

        if ($car->save() === false) {
            $messages = $car->getMessages();

            return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
};

$success = $process();

刪除數(shù)據(jù)(Deleting Data)

刪除記錄時(shí)，與刪除操作相關(guān)的事件將逐一執(zhí)行：

executeQuery($phql);

// 刪除多條記錄
$phql = "DELETE FROM Cars WHERE id > 100";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 使用占位符
$phql = "DELETE FROM Cars WHERE id BETWEEN :initial: AND :final:";
$manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        "initial" => 1,
        "final"   => 100,
    ]
);

和UPDATE一樣，DELETE操作也分兩步執(zhí)行，要檢查刪除操作是否產(chǎn)生驗(yàn)證消息，你可以檢查返回的狀態(tài)：

 100";

$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

if ($result->success() === false) {
    $messages = $result->getMessages();

    foreach ($messages as $message) {
        echo $message->getMessage();
    }
}

使用查詢構(gòu)造器創(chuàng)建查詢(Creating queries using the Query Builder)

查詢構(gòu)造器可用于創(chuàng)建PHQL查詢，無(wú)需編寫PHQL語(yǔ)句：

modelsManager->createBuilder()
    ->from("Robots")
    ->join("RobotsParts")
    ->orderBy("Robots.name")
    ->getQuery()
    ->execute();

// 獲取第一條記錄
$robots = $this->modelsManager->createBuilder()
    ->from("Robots")
    ->join("RobotsParts")
    ->orderBy("Robots.name")
    ->getQuery()
    ->getSingleResult();

同下列操作：

executeQuery($phql);

查詢構(gòu)造器更多示例：

from("Robots");

// "SELECT Robots.*, RobotsParts.* FROM Robots, RobotsParts";
$builder->from(
    [
        "Robots",
        "RobotsParts",
    ]
);

// "SELECT * FROM Robots";
$phql = $builder->columns("*")
    ->from("Robots");

// "SELECT id FROM Robots";
$builder->columns("id")
    ->from("Robots");

// "SELECT id, name FROM Robots";
$builder->columns(["id", "name"])
    ->from("Robots");

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE Robots.name = "Voltron"";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->where("Robots.name = "Voltron"");

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE Robots.id = 100";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->where(100);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE Robots.type = "virtual" AND Robots.id > 50";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->where("type = "virtual"")
    ->andWhere("id > 50");

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE Robots.type = "virtual" OR Robots.id > 50";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->where("type = "virtual"")
    ->orWhere("id > 50");

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots GROUP BY Robots.name";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->groupBy("Robots.name");

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots GROUP BY Robots.name, Robots.id";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->groupBy(["Robots.name", "Robots.id"]);

// "SELECT Robots.name SUM(Robots.price) FROM Robots GROUP BY Robots.name";
$builder->columns(["Robots.name", "SUM(Robots.price)"])
    ->from("Robots")
    ->groupBy("Robots.name");

// "SELECT Robots.name, SUM(Robots.price) FROM Robots GROUP BY Robots.name HAVING SUM(Robots.price) > 1000";
$builder->columns(["Robots.name", "SUM(Robots.price)"])
    ->from("Robots")
    ->groupBy("Robots.name")
    ->having("SUM(Robots.price) > 1000");

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots JOIN RobotsParts";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->join("RobotsParts");

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots JOIN RobotsParts AS p";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->join("RobotsParts", null, "p");

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots JOIN RobotsParts ON Robots.id = RobotsParts.robots_id AS p";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->join("RobotsParts", "Robots.id = RobotsParts.robots_id", "p");

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM robots JOIN RobotsParts ON Robots.id = RobotsParts.robots_id AS p JOIN Parts ON Parts.id = RobotsParts.parts_id AS t";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->join("RobotsParts", "Robots.id = RobotsParts.robots_id", "p")
    ->join("RobotsParts", "Parts.id = RobotsParts.parts_id", "t");

// "SELECT r.* FROM Robots AS r";
$builder->addFrom("Robots", "r");

// "SELECT Robots.*, p.* FROM Robots, Parts AS p";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->addFrom("Parts", "p");

// "SELECT r.*, p.* FROM Robots AS r, Parts AS p";
$builder->from(["r" => "Robots"])
    ->addFrom("Parts", "p");

// "SELECT r.*, p.* FROM Robots AS r, Parts AS p";
$builder->from(["r" => "Robots", "p" => "Parts"]);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots LIMIT 10";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->limit(10);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots LIMIT 10 OFFSET 5";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->limit(10, 5);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE id BETWEEN 1 AND 100";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->betweenWhere("id", 1, 10);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3)";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->inWhere("id", [1, 2, 3]);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE id NOT IN (1, 2, 3)";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->notInWhere("id", [1, 2, 3]);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE name LIKE "%Art%"";
$builder->from("Robots")
    ->where("name LIKE :name:", ["name" => "%" . $name . "%"]);

// "SELECT r.* FROM StoreRobots WHERE r.name LIKE "%Art%"";
$builder->from(["r" => "StoreRobots"])
    ->where("r.name LIKE :name:", ["name" => "%" . $name . "%"]);

參數(shù)綁定(Bound Parameters)

查詢構(gòu)造器中的參數(shù)綁定可以在查詢構(gòu)建時(shí)設(shè)置，也可以在查詢執(zhí)行時(shí)設(shè)置：

modelsManager->createBuilder()
    ->from("Robots")
    ->where("name = :name:", ["name" => $name])
    ->andWhere("type = :type:", ["type" => $type])
    ->getQuery()
    ->execute();

// 執(zhí)行查詢時(shí)傳遞參數(shù)
$robots = $this->modelsManager->createBuilder()
    ->from("Robots")
    ->where("name = :name:")
    ->andWhere("type = :type:")
    ->getQuery()
    ->execute(["name" => $name, "type" => $type]);

禁用字面量(Disallow literals in PHQL)

PHQL中可以禁用字面量，這意味著如果禁用開啟，則不能在PHQL語(yǔ)句中直接使用PHP字符串、數(shù)字和布爾值。如果在PHQL語(yǔ)句中嵌入外部數(shù)據(jù)，可能導(dǎo)致潛在的注入攻擊：

executeQuery($phql);

如果$login的值為" OR " " = " ，將產(chǎn)生如下PHQL語(yǔ)句：

SELECT * FROM ModelsUsers WHERE login = "" OR "" = "";

無(wú)論存儲(chǔ)在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的login是何值，條件總是true。

如果字面量被禁用，在PHQL中使用PHP字面量會(huì)拋出異常，以強(qiáng)制開發(fā)者使用參數(shù)綁定。上面的查詢這樣寫更安全：

executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        "type" => $type,
    ]
);

可以通過(guò)以下方式禁用字面量：

 false]
);

無(wú)論字面量是否禁用，參數(shù)綁定都可以正常使用。禁用只是開發(fā)人員能夠在web應(yīng)用中采取的一項(xiàng)安全策略。

轉(zhuǎn)義保留字(Escaping Reserved Words)

PHQL有一些保留字，如果想將保留字作為模型名或字段名使用，則需要使用轉(zhuǎn)義分隔符[和]來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)義關(guān)鍵字：

executeQuery($phql);

$phql   = "SELECT id, [Like] FROM Posts";
$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

PHQL生命周期(PHQL Lifecycle)

作為高級(jí)語(yǔ)言，PHQL賦予了開發(fā)者個(gè)性化定制的能力，以滿足不同的需求。以下是PHQL語(yǔ)句的生命周期：

PHQL被解析并轉(zhuǎn)換為獨(dú)立于數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)SQL之外的中間表示(IR)

根據(jù)模型對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)，IR被轉(zhuǎn)換為有效的SQL

PHQL語(yǔ)句被解析并保存在內(nèi)存中，再次執(zhí)行相同語(yǔ)句時(shí)速度會(huì)更快

使用原生SQL(Using Raw SQL)

某些數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)提供PHQL不支持的特殊SQL擴(kuò)展，這種情況適合使用原生SQL：

 0";

        // 模型
        $robot = new Robots();

        // 執(zhí)行查詢
        return new Resultset(
            null,
            $robot,
            $robot->getReadConnection()->query($sql)
        );
    }
}

如果原生SQL查詢?cè)趹?yīng)用中很普遍，可以在模型中添加通用方法：

getReadConnection()->query($sql),
        );
    }
}

上述findByRawSQL可以如下使用：

 ?",
    [
        10,
    ]
);

注意事項(xiàng)(Troubleshooting)

PHQL中的一些注意事項(xiàng)：

類名稱區(qū)分大小寫，如果定義類時(shí)名稱和創(chuàng)建時(shí)的名稱不一致，在大小寫敏感的操作系統(tǒng)(如linux)中將導(dǎo)致不可預(yù)知行為

為保證參數(shù)綁定成功，連接數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)時(shí)必須指定正確的字符集

指定別名的類不能用完整命名空間替換，因?yàn)檫@項(xiàng)操作發(fā)生在PHP代碼中，而非PHQL語(yǔ)句里

如果字段使用別名，應(yīng)避免別名和字段名相同，不然查詢解析器容易混淆。

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